How to Use the Linux watch Command with Examples

Introduction

To repeatedly run a command or job in regular time intervals while working in Linux, you can use cron jobs or bash scripts. However, Linux also offers a more straightforward, built-in solution - the watch command.

In this tutorial, you will learn the watch command syntax, how it works, and the different things it can help you do.

Prerequisites

• A system running a Linux distribution (learn how to install Ubuntu 20.04, how to install CentOS 7, or how to install Arch Linux)
• An account with sudo privileges
• Access to the terminal window/command line

Linux watch Command Overview

The watch command is a built-in Linux utility used for running user-defined commands at regular intervals. It temporarily clears all the terminal content and displays the output of the attached command, along with the current system date and time.

By default, the watch command updates the output every two seconds. Press Ctrl+C to exit out of the command output.

The watch command is useful when you need to monitor changes in a command output over time. This includes disk usage, system uptime, or tracking errors.

Linux Watch Command Syntax

The watch command uses the following syntax:

watch [option] [command]

Where:

• [option]: Adding an option changes the way the watch command behaves. Available options are listed below.
• [command]: A user-defined command you want to run repeatedly.

The watch command options include:

-n, --interval	Allows you to specify the interval between output updates.
-d, --differences	Highlights the differences between output updates.
-g, --chgexit	Exits the watch command when the output of the user-defined command changes.
-t, --no-title	Removes the header showing the interval, command, and current time and date.
-b, --beep	Plays a sound alert (beep) if the command exits with an error.
-p, --precise	Attempts to run the command after the exact number of seconds defined by the --interval option.
-e, --errexit	Stops output updates on error and exits the command after a key press.
-c, --color	Interprets ANSI color and style sequences.
-x, --exec	Passes the user-defined command to exec, reducing the need for extra quoting.
-w, --no-linewrap	Turns off line wrapping and truncates long lines instead.
-h, --help	Displays help text and exits.
-v, --version	Displays version information and exits.

Linux Watch Command Examples

Here are some of the ways you can use the watch command options to achieve different results:

Run Command with a Custom Interval

Set a custom interval to run a user-defined command and show the output by using the -n or --interval option:

watch -n [interval in seconds] [command]

For instance, to display the system time and date every 5 seconds, run:

watch -n 5 date

Highlighting Changes Between Updates

Use the -d or --difference option to highlight changes between successive output updates:

watch -d [command]

For example, display the system date and time in the default 2-second interval with the changes highlighted:

watch -d date

Pass =cumulative to the -d option if you want all the values that have ever changed to stay highlighted:

watch -d=cumulative date

Exit on Change

The -g or --chgexit option causes the watch command to exit if there is a change in the output:

watch -g [command]

As an example, adding the free command monitors your system's memory consumption and exits if the value changes:

watch -g free

Hide the watch Command Header

Turn off the header containing the interval time, user-defined command, and current system time in the watch command output by using the -t or --no-title option:

watch -t [command]

Returning to the example of displaying the system date and time, this time without the header:

watch -t date

Alert on Error

The watch command uses the beep package to play a sound alert if the output update fails due to an error. To do this, use the -b or --beep option:

watch -b [command]

Using Complex Commands

The watch command also allows you to use more complex user-defined commands, with their own arguments and options. One way to do this is to use the backslash ('\') symbol:

watch [options] \

Using the command above brings you to the next line in the terminal, where you need to add the user-defined command. Once you hit Enter, it executes the command. For instance:

watch -n 5 \
echo "watch command example output"

Another option is to add the user-define command in single quotation marks:

watch [options] '[command]'

Using the example above, the command would be:

watch -n 5 'echo "watch command example output"'

Conclusion

After reading this tutorial, you should have a better understanding of how the watch command works and what you can use it for.

For a more comprehensive overview of commands, check out our ultimate list of Linux commands.