Bash eval Command with Examples

Introduction

Bash eval is a built-in shell command used to evaluate and execute strings as a shell command. eval takes and treats arguments as a single command line for the shell to run as a Bash command.

The eval command is useful when executing a command that contains a special operator or reserved keywords or in scripts with variables whose names are unknown until the script executes.

In this tutorial, you will learn to use the eval command through hands-on examples.

Prerequisites

• A system running Linux.
• Access to the terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T).

Bash eval Command Syntax

The eval command has the following syntax:

eval [arguments]

Here, [arguments] are the strings or variables that contain the command(s) you want to execute. The eval command concatenates the arguments into a single string, parses the string as a shell command line, and executes it.

After executing the concatenated command line, eval returns its exit status as the exit status of eval. If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, eval returns the exit status 0.

Bash eval Command Examples

The primary use of eval is to interpret and execute dynamic or complex commands stored in strings or variables. This allows you to generate and run commands dynamically.

The following sections cover some hands-on eval command examples.

Store Command in a Variable

Storing a command in a variable is useful, especially when you want to store it with an option or flag appended to the command. In the following example, we will store the ls command with the -l option in a variable named var:

var="ls -l"
eval "$var"

The eval command evaluates the var variable value as ls -l and executes the command:

Command Substitution

In the following example, the eval command substitutes the date command placed within a string stored in the command variable. eval evaluates the string and executes the result:

command="echo \$(date)"
eval "$command"

The output shows the date command output, which was substituted using eval.

Convert Input

Another example of eval command use is to convert field values to lowercase. The following script uses eval with the tr command to convert the values of the specified fields to lowercase characters.

Follow the steps below to convert:

1. Open the terminal and create a new Bash script. Use a text editor such as vi/vim:

vi convertinput.sh

2. Enter the following code:

#!/bin/bash
# Prompt the user to enter values
read -p "Enter value 1: " value1
read -p "Enter value 2: " value2
# Convert values to lowercase using eval
eval "value1=\$(tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' <<< "$value1")"
eval "value2=\$(tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' <<< "$value2")"
# Print the lowercase values
echo "Value 1 (lowercase): $value1"
echo "Value 2 (lowercase): $value2"

• The script prompts the user for input for each variable.
• The tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' command within the eval statements performs the conversion and replaces all uppercase characters with their lowercase equivalents.
• After the conversion, the script prints the lowercase values for each field.

3. Save the script and exit vi:

:wq

4. Run the Bash script to test if it works:

bash convertinput.sh

Loops and Dynamic Commands

The eval command can generate and execute commands inside a loop dynamically. In the following example, eval evaluates the "echo 'Loop iteration $i'" string for each iteration and dynamically substitutes the value of $i.

Follow the steps below:

1. Create a new script and paste the following code:

#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..3}; do
  eval "echo 'Loop iteration $i'"
done

2. Save the script and run it:

Each line in the output corresponds to one iteration of the loop, with the value of i substituted into the output.

Analyze Field Values

Use the eval command to evaluate and analyze field values dynamically. In the following example, we use a script that prompts the user to enter values and then analyzes them:

1. Create a script and paste the following code:

#!/bin/bash
# Prompt the user to enter field values
read -p "Enter field 1: " field1
read -p "Enter field 2: " field2
read -p "Enter field 3: " field3
# Analyze field values using if statements
if [ "$field1" = "Value1" ]; then
  eval "echo 'Field 1 is Value1'"
elif [ "$field1" = "Value2" ]; then
  eval "echo 'Field 1 is Value2'"
else
  eval "echo 'Field 1 is neither Value1 nor Value2'"
fi
if [ "$field2" -gt 10 ]; then
  eval "echo 'Field 2 is greater than 10'"
else
  eval "echo 'Field 2 is less than or equal to 10'"
fi
if [[ "$field3" =~ ^[A-Za-z]+$ ]]; then
  eval "echo 'Field 3 contains only letters'"
else
  eval "echo 'Field 3 contains characters other than letters'"
fi

2. Save and run the script.

After a user enters three field values (field1, field2, field3), the script uses the eval command within if statements to analyze each field and print the corresponding analysis message:

The eval command evaluates the echo command statements dynamically based on the user input and executes them accordingly.

Access Variable Within Variable

Use the eval command to assign a value to a variable and then assign that variable's name to another variable. Through eval, you can access the value held in the first variable by using the name stored in the second variable.

Follow these steps:

1. Create a new script and paste the following code:

#!/bin/bash
title="Welcome"
name=title
command="echo"
eval $command \${$name}

2. Run the script to test if it works:

Running the script outputs the text from the title variable even though the eval command is using the name variable. eval looks at the value held inside the variable whose name is stored in the name variable.

Store SSH Configuration in Shell

Use eval to evaluate the ssh-agent program output and store SSH keys and passwords in the shell. Normally, when you run ssh-agent, it executes in a subshell and cannot affect the parent shell environment.

Consequently, the configuration is unknown to the current terminal session or any new session you create. It means that if you exit the shell or try to initiate a new SSH connection, you will always be prompted for your SSH key and password.

However, when you use eval, the command adds the configuration to the current shell's environment. Run the following to test:

eval $(ssh-agent)

The command evaluates the ssh-agent output and automatically uses the credentials each time to create a new connection until you log out of the operating system or reboot the machine.

Conclusion

The eval command in Bash is a powerful tool that allows you to evaluate and execute strings as shell commands dynamically. It is helpful when dealing with complex or dynamically generated commands stored in variables or strings.

Next, learn how to increment or decrement a variable in Bash, how to compare strings in Bash, or check out our ultimate Bash commands guide that comes with a free PDF cheat sheet.