What Is Network Operating System? | phoenixNAP IT Glossary

A Network Operating System (NOS) is specialized software that manages network resources, allowing multiple devices to communicate, share data, and connect to applications and services across a network.

What Is a Network Operating System?

A network operating system (NOS) is a software system specifically designed to coordinate, manage, and secure the communication and data exchange between devices on a network, typically within enterprise environments. Unlike standard operating systems focused on individual device management, a NOS is engineered to prioritize network traffic, support multiple users, and enable centralized management of shared resources across a network infrastructure. It facilitates complex networking functions such as routing, switching, load balancing, and user authentication, ensuring efficient communication between connected devices.

A NOS also integrates protocols and security features, like firewalls and encryption, to protect data in transit and enforce network policies. Through a centralized interface, administrators can monitor network health, optimize performance, and manage devices remotely, fostering seamless connectivity and operational efficiency.

Found in networking hardware such as routers, switches, and firewalls, a network operating system is integral to maintaining high availability, scalability, and security in modern networked environments.

What Is the Difference Between a Network Operating System and a Regular Operating System?

The primary difference between a network operating system and a regular operating system lies in their core functionality and purpose. A regular operating system, like Windows or macOS, is designed to manage and run applications on a single device, providing a user interface and supporting various tasks like file management, device control, and peripheral access.

In contrast, a network operating system is built specifically for managing network resources and coordinating communication between multiple devices. NOS focuses on network-specific functions, such as routing, load balancing, user authentication, and security protocols, to ensure seamless connectivity across a network. While regular operating systems serve individual users, NOS is tailored to serve multiple users and devices, facilitating centralized management of shared resources and enforcing network policies in enterprise environments.

Types of Network Operating Systems

NOS come in several types, each designed for specific networking functions and environments. Here are the main types:

Peer-to-peer network operating system. In a peer-to-peer NOS, each device on the network has equal status and acts as both a client and a server. These systems enable direct sharing of resources, such as files or printers, without relying on a central server. While simple and cost-effective, peer-to-peer NOS is best suited for smaller networks as it lacks the robust security and management capabilities of more advanced NOS types.
Client-server network operating system. This type of NOS is structured around central servers that manage resources and requests from multiple client devices on the network. The server handles tasks such as file storage, application hosting, and user authentication, centralizing network management and improving scalability and security. Client-server NOS is commonly used in enterprise settings where resource control and data protection are priorities.
Cloud-based network operating system. Cloud-based NOS leverages cloud infrastructure to manage network resources remotely, often through a web-based interface. These systems allow administrators to configure, monitor, and secure networks over the internet, making it easy to scale and manage resources without physical server installations. Cloud-based NOS is ideal for distributed or hybrid environments, offering flexibility and remote access for global network management.
Distributed network operating system. In a distributed NOS, multiple interconnected computers work together as a cohesive system, sharing processing and data handling tasks across various nodes on the network. This type of NOS improves efficiency and fault tolerance by distributing workloads and resources, making it highly suitable for high-performance applications, like scientific computing or data-intensive environments.

Examples of Network Operating Systems

Here are some widely used examples of network operating systems, each tailored to support specific networking environments and needs:

Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System). Cisco IOS is a widely used NOS developed by Cisco Systems for their networking hardware, such as routers and switches. It provides powerful networking features, including routing, switching, network security, and traffic management. Cisco IOS is known for its scalability and robustness in enterprise environments, allowing administrators to configure and monitor network devices via a command-line interface (CLI) or a web-based GUI.
Juniper JUNOS. JUNOS is the NOS developed by Juniper Networks, designed to run on Juniper routers, switches, and security appliances. JUNOS is known for its modularity, allowing network administrators to update individual components without affecting the entire system. It offers advanced routing, security features, and automated configuration capabilities, making it popular in data centers and service provider networks.
Microsoft Windows Server. Windows Server is a client-server NOS developed by Microsoft, providing a comprehensive solution for managing network resources, user accounts, and security policies in enterprise environments. It includes features like Active Directory for centralized user management, Hyper-V for virtualization, and integrated file and print services. Windows Server is used extensively in businesses where Windows-based applications and user management are priorities.
Linux-based network operating systems. Several Linux distributions, such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and Ubuntu Server, are commonly configured as network operating systems. These systems offer flexibility and customization, allowing organizations to deploy various networking applications, firewalls, and web servers. Linux-based NOS is often favored in cloud and enterprise environments for its open-source nature and extensive networking tools.
Arista EOS (Extensible Operating System). Arista EOS is a modern NOS designed for data center and cloud-scale networking environments. Built on a Linux kernel, EOS is highly extensible and programmable, allowing users to automate network functions and integrate with other tools via APIs. It is particularly popular in large-scale data centers where high performance, flexibility, and automation are essential.
VyOS. VyOS is an open-source NOS based on Debian Linux, providing routing, VPN, firewall, and NAT services. It is often used in small to medium-sized networks and by organizations that require customizable, cost-effective network solutions. VyOS’s CLI is similar to Cisco’s, making it user-friendly for network professionals familiar with Cisco commands.

Network Operating System Function

A network operating system serves as the backbone for managing, coordinating, and securing devices within a network, ensuring seamless communication and resource sharing across multiple systems. Its primary function is to enable devices—such as routers, switches, and computers—to connect, communicate, and collaborate effectively. Through features like user management, an NOS authenticates and authorizes users, enforcing security protocols to control access to resources and maintain network integrity.

NOS also supports routing and traffic management, directing data packets efficiently across the network, which is crucial for maintaining speed and reliability, especially in large-scale networks. Additionally, it centralizes network monitoring and administration, allowing administrators to configure, monitor, and troubleshoot network devices from a single point.

Network Operating System Use Cases

Network operating systems are used in a variety of settings, each with specific requirements for connectivity, management, and security. Here are some common use cases:

Enterprise network management. In large organizations, NOS enables centralized management of network resources, user access, and security policies across multiple locations. Enterprise NOS platforms like Cisco IOS and Windows Server help IT administrators control and monitor devices, manage user accounts, and enforce security measures to protect data, ensuring smooth operation in complex network environments.
Data centers and cloud environments. NOS is critical in data centers and cloud settings where high performance, scalability, and automation are required. Systems like Arista EOS and Juniper JUNOS support large-scale routing, switching, and virtualized network functions, making them ideal for handling massive data traffic, load balancing, and automated configuration in data centers and cloud service providers.
Internet service providers (ISPs). ISPs rely on robust NOS to manage network traffic and deliver stable internet connections to customers. NOS solutions such as Cisco IOS and Juniper JUNOS support advanced routing and network segmentation, which allow ISPs to handle vast amounts of data and offer high-speed internet, network security, and efficient customer management.
Small and medium-sized business (SMB) networks. In SMB environments, NOS solutions like Windows Server and VyOS enable smaller-scale networks to operate efficiently and securely. SMBs use NOS to manage shared resources, enable secure file sharing, and control user access to applications, all with centralized control to simplify network administration.
Educational institutions. Schools, universities, and research facilities often use NOS to connect multiple computers, labs, and campuses securely. An NOS facilitates network access control, provides a centralized platform for user management, and supports the sharing of academic resources. Linux-based NOS options are popular in education due to their cost-effectiveness, customization, and open-source nature.
Healthcare networks. Healthcare facilities require highly secure and reliable networks to handle sensitive patient data and support digital medical systems. NOS solutions, such as Windows Server and Cisco IOS, enable secure data transmission, strict access controls, and HIPAA-compliant data management across departments, clinics, and remote locations.
Retail and hospitality chains. Retailers and hospitality businesses use NOS to manage point-of-sale (POS) systems, guest Wi-Fi, and employee devices across multiple locations. NOS solutions help manage these distributed networks securely and ensure continuous service, enabling customer transactions, inventory tracking, and seamless guest connectivity.
Manufacturing and industrial IoT networks. In manufacturing, an NOS is used to connect and control industrial devices and IoT sensors, supporting efficient communication between machines and centralized monitoring. A NOS provides the stability, low-latency connectivity, and security needed to keep production environments running smoothly and protect against disruptions.

Advantages of a Network Operating System

Here are some key advantages of using a network operating system in managing network environments:

Centralized management. A NOS allows administrators to manage, configure, and monitor network resources from a central location. This centralized control simplifies network administration, enabling quick access to settings, device status, and troubleshooting tools.
Enhanced security. NOS provides built-in security features, such as user authentication, access control, and data encryption, to protect sensitive information and restrict access to authorized users only. This allows organizations to establish and enforce security policies, detect suspicious activity, and secure data as it travels across the network.
Efficient resource sharing. Network operating systems enable multiple users to share resources, such as files, applications, and printers, seamlessly across a network. This efficient sharing reduces redundancy, as users can access shared resources without duplicating files or installing software on individual devices.
Scalability. NOS is designed to support network growth and adapt to changing organizational needs. Whether expanding with new devices, users, or locations, an NOS can scale easily without sacrificing performance.
Improved reliability and performance. NOS is built to ensure stable network performance, even under heavy traffic loads. Advanced routing, load balancing, and fault tolerance mechanisms reduce the risk of network downtime, ensuring continuous availability and optimized performance for critical applications and services.
Simplified troubleshooting and maintenance. A NOS offers diagnostic and monitoring tools that help administrators quickly identify, troubleshoot, and resolve network issues. Features like logging, performance metrics, and remote management enable proactive maintenance, reducing the risk of extended outages and minimizing the impact of potential issues on end-users.
Support for automation and customization. Many NOS platforms support automation and integration with APIs, allowing administrators to streamline repetitive tasks, such as configuration updates, monitoring, and reporting. Customization options enable the NOS to be tailored to meet specific business needs, improving operational efficiency and reducing manual workload.
Remote access and control. NOS enables remote network management, allowing administrators to access and manage network devices and resources from anywhere. This feature is particularly beneficial for large organizations, geographically distributed teams, and remote troubleshooting, ensuring consistent support and management regardless of physical location.

Disadvantages of a Network Operating System

While NOS offer numerous benefits, they also come with some disadvantages that organizations should consider:

Resource-intensive. NOS systems, especially those in large networks, can be resource-intensive, requiring high-performance hardware to operate efficiently. In cases where resources are limited, the network may struggle with performance issues or experience downtime, which can disrupt business operations.
High initial cost and maintenance. Implementing an NOS, especially in enterprise environments, often requires a significant upfront investment in hardware, software, and licensing fees. Additionally, ongoing maintenance costs, such as software updates, hardware upgrades, and support fees, can add to the financial burden, making NOS more costly than simpler networking setups.
Complex setup and management. NOS requires specialized knowledge to set up, configure, and manage effectively. Network administrators need to understand various protocols, security configurations, and routing functions, which can be complex. This often necessitates hiring skilled IT personnel, which can increase staffing costs and make management challenging for smaller businesses.
Dependence on centralized servers. In client-server NOS environments, the network heavily depends on centralized servers to manage resources and maintain connectivity. If the central server fails or experiences downtime, connected devices and users may lose access to network resources, potentially causing interruptions and productivity losses.
Security vulnerabilities. While NOS platforms offer enhanced security features, they are also vulnerable to cyber attacks, given their role in managing critical network functions. An NOS misconfiguration or outdated security patch can expose the network to threats, making regular security updates and monitoring essential to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
Network performance limitations. With many devices and users connected, an NOS may experience network congestion, especially if the hardware is not adequately scaled to meet demand. In environments with heavy traffic or large data transfers, network latency and reduced performance can become problematic without proper load balancing and optimization.
Complex troubleshooting. Diagnosing and resolving issues within a NOS-managed network can be complex, particularly in large-scale environments where numerous devices and protocols are involved. Troubleshooting often requires extensive logs, monitoring tools, and technical expertise, which can make issue resolution time-consuming and costly.
Limited flexibility in certain NOS systems. Some proprietary NOS solutions are limited to specific hardware and software ecosystems, restricting flexibility. This lack of compatibility can make it challenging to integrate new technologies or scale across diverse environments without additional customization, potentially creating vendor lock-in scenarios.