DevOps Maturity Model

While the benefits of adopting DevOps are obvious (faster time-to-market, fewer bugs in production, improved code quality, etc.), the transition from traditional software development is rarely smooth and free of setbacks.

If you're struggling to adopt or maximize the benefits of DevOps, your first step should be to assess your current software delivery processes against a DevOps maturity model.

This article provides an introduction to DevOps maturity models, explaining how these frameworks enable companies to make informed decisions when adopting or upgrading DevOps processes.

What Is the DevOps Maturity Model?

The DevOps maturity model is a framework that outlines the general stages an organization goes through when adopting DevOps principles and practices. These models help determine how far along organizations are on their DevOps journey and what steps they should take to reach higher levels of DevOps maturity.

Maturity models evaluate various aspects of your DevOps (degrees of silos, speed and quality of releases, adherence to principles, collaboration levels, use of automation, tool stacks, etc.). This analysis helps companies:

• Assess and benchmark current DevOps capabilities and practices.
• Prioritize areas for improvement. 
• Identify the desired maturity level.
• Learn about DevOps best practices, security measures, and relevant metrics.
• Create a roadmap to achieve higher levels of maturity.

Once you know your position in a maturity model, the idea is to make changes to your IT until you mature into a higher stage. The DevOps maturity model offers guidance at each step, explaining how to "move up" and reach the next phase.

Remember that companies mature at different speeds, even if they use the same framework. The pace of change is not vital — it is far more critical that you:

• Identify areas where your team is falling short and start addressing those weaknesses.
• Reinforce your team's strengths and build on them to improve DevOps procedures.

What Makes a DevOps Maturity Model?

Here's what you should expect to find in any top-tier DevOps maturity model:

• Assessment criteria. A set of standards against which you evaluate the maturity of DevOps practices.
• DevOps processes and practices. A breakdown of techniques that support DevOps, accompanied by their placement in the model. Expect guides on topics such as release management, task automation, security practices, CI/CD, infrastructure-as-code (IaC), etc.
• Maturity levels. The different stages of DevOps adoption organized in sequential order. Most models have five different maturity levels, although you'll occasionally run into frameworks with one or two extra stages.
• Culture guides. Guidelines for evaluating the company culture and alignment with DevOps principles. Usual inclusions are tips on improving communication, feedback, and collaboration.
• Relevant metrics. A list of key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics for measuring the state of your DevOps (e.g., deployment frequency, mean time to recovery, change failure rate, etc.).
• Roles and responsibilities. An outline of who's responsible for what in a DevOps team (ownership of processes, go-to staff members for disaster recovery, QA tasks, designing CI/CD pipelines, responding to threats, ensuring high availability, etc.).
• Go-to tools and tech. Most high-end models have a list of appropriate tools and technologies that support DevOps initiatives. Expect up-to-date version control systems, CI/CD tools, automation platforms, and containerization tools.

5 Transformation Stages of the DevOps Maturity Model

Different maturity models have slightly different stages and criteria for each phase, depending on company size, industry, and goals. However, most frameworks lead users through a similar progression—let's look at the most common stages of DevOps maturity.

Stage 1: Initial (or Ad Hoc)

This stage is the starting point of the DevOps journey. DevOps-like practices are either entirely missing or so disjointed that stakeholders are unaware of their use.

Organizations at this stage suffer from a range of software development problems (limited inter-team collaboration, too many manual tasks, buggy releases, lengthy approval processes, etc.).

Here are the main characteristics of organizations at Stage 1 of DevOps maturity:

• Development, operations, security, and product owners operate in silos, and each team has different incentives and priorities.
• Software development relies on an old-school waterfall approach.
• Ops specialists wait for developers to hand over applications alongside deployment manuals.
• Release cycles prioritize milestones over user feedback and market changes.
• Most (if not all) build steps are manual.
• Teams spend more time and effort on putting out fires than adding value to the product.
• The team manually creates and updates infrastructure, a process that is time-consuming and prone to errors.
• Testers work manually and individually, which turns testing into a considerable bottleneck.
• Every server (physical or virtual) requires individual attention.
• The company typically learns about an outage from users rather than from in-house alerts.
• Security checks are minimal and occur only days before the go-live of a new release.

The key to advancing beyond this stage is to educate teams about DevOps practices and address their resistance to change. Consider forming a temporary working group to steer software delivery practices out of silos and start making positive changes to workflows (involve Ops earlier in the SDLC, encourage the use of configuration management tools, add automated tests, etc.).

Stage 2: DevOps in "Pockets"

Companies at this stage have established some DevOps practices and started to emphasize inter-team collaboration and automation. Workflows are becoming more streamlined, but most processes lack clear definitions and guidelines.

Here are the main traits of organizations at Stage 2:

• Although developers and Ops do not work together full-time, they collaborate on small-scale projects.
• Agile practices during software delivery enable teams to focus more on business and user value during project planning.
• Teams tend to ship prominent features that are challenging to manage and test.
• Developers struggle to break bigger services into microservices.
• Teams use version control to manage environments and their configurations.
• Changes to the product are becoming less surprising to all the teams involved.
• Teams rely on automation to reduce the risk and stress of releases, but many staff members follow the "automation for automation's sake" mantra.
• The security team still works independently, but testing is no longer minimal or an afterthought, so unit, integration, and end-to-end testing occur earlier in the development process.
• Companies rely on site monitoring to get alerts about interruptions as soon as they impact the user.
• Operations staff members must manually intervene when issues arise in production.

The key to advancing beyond this stage is to focus more on automation and consistency. The right foundations are there, but the lack of repeatability is holding your DevOps back.

Stage 3: Defined, Automated, And More Consistent

This stage in the DevOps maturity model requires well-defined and standardized processes across the Dev and Ops teams. Additionally, teams focus on:

• Using automation to eliminate repetitive, error-prone, and time-consuming manual tasks.
• Optimizing continuous delivery, deployment, and integration.
• Nurturing a culture of collaboration and feedback.

Here are the main characteristics of organizations at Stage 3 of DevOps maturity:

• Ops staff and engineering regularly converse about upcoming code releases and bug fixes.
• Teams focus on frequent deployments with small, incremental changes.
• Security team members join meetings well before deployments and partake in design and architecture conversations.
• Concepts of minimum viable products and technical debt are still foreign.
• Releases are still a significant event, so the team typically bundles groups of unrelated features into big projects.
• A range of processes occurs automatically to ensure repeatability and standardization (e.g., database changes, integration tests, monitoring, non-production deployments, etc.).
• Deployments never take the operations team by surprise as they work on configuration changes while engineers develop the feature.
• Teams integrate security scans throughout the DevOps pipeline, making a conscious effort to shift tests left of deployment.
• Developers make full use of self-service cloud computing resources.
• The team relies on clear documentation and release notes.

The key to advancing to the next stage is to enhance current processes and transition from measuring internal benchmarks to focusing on end-user experience.

Stage 4: Highly Optimized DevOps

Companies at this stage focus on measuring success according to the user experience and business objectives.

Here are the main traits of being at Stage 4 of the DevOps maturity model:

• Ops and development teams collaborate closely with project management and security teams when planning product improvements.
• The deployment process is almost entirely automated, with only one or two manual interventions.
• Developers and the Ops team embrace product-oriented thinning.
• Development and operations work in the same technical environment, so developers always consider Ops-related aspects of releases (and vice versa).
• Code releases are not distinct events but a series of continuous, incremental software updates.
• The continuous integration system works well 90 percent of the time or more.
• Agile processes mature into lean practices (blameless post-mortems, gameday exercises, value stream mapping, etc.).
• DevOps aligns with and supports the company's broader IT strategy plan.
• Minimum interruptions to end-user experience.
• The company is comfortable with chaos engineering and pen testing.
• The team employs MVPs and tech debt as strategies to accelerate releases.
• Teams analyze various metrics to quantify the impact of releases on overall performance.
• The team relies on soak tests to anticipate product performance before deployment.
• Security checks are a built-in feature of the development workflow, and there's a broad suite of high-quality automated tests.
• Systems scale automatically to adjust to current demands and avoid problems like network latency or infrastructure failure.
• The team relies on continuous monitoring to actively track problems and identify root causes.

If you're at this point, your company is making full use of DevOps. The only thing holding you back from the final stage is the need to instill a culture of continually using data-driven insights to optimize processes.

Stage 5: Fully Mature DevOps

Organizations at this stage enjoy the highest level of DevOps maturity, and the team continuously optimizes the pipeline through data-driven insights.

In addition to practices from Stage 4, companies at Stage 5 of DevOps maturity also have the following characteristics:

• Code changes pass through the pipeline and end up in production with zero human intervention.
• Insecure or non-compliant code never reaches production.
• The team deploys multiple times a day with certainty and minimal risk.
• Max uptime and no interruptions to customer experience.
• Each business unit is a self-sufficient full-stack team of experts across all the necessary tech and process domains.
• Ideas go to production in hours or days.
• High levels of collaboration between developers, operations, and security lead to DevSecOps.
• The use of real-time data enables teams to make rapid and informed decisions.
• The company encourages innovation and experimentation.

There's no moving past stage 5, but companies that fail to focus on continuous optimizations risk going a step or two back in the DevOps maturity model.

Benefits of DevOps Maturity

Evaluating your position in a DevOps maturity model leads to a range of business benefits. These frameworks enable you to:

• Determine how well your team is using DevOps principles.
• Identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions about taking your DevOps to the next level.
• Develop more focused and effective progression strategies that eliminate low-value objectives.
• Track your DevOps progress and allocate resources more effectively.
• Gain insights into best practices for DevOps security, release cycles, testing, team culture, staff management, and more.
• Learn about the market's best DevOps tools.
• Stay updated on the latest DevOps trends and use cases.
• Gain a deeper understanding of industry standards and assess how your operations stack up against peers and competitors.

Investing time and money in advancing the DevOps maturity model is also highly beneficial. Each subsequent stage leads to faster time-to-market, improved reliability, reduced IT costs, and better-performing teams.

How to Measure DevOps Maturity?

Here are the go-to metrics for measuring DevOps maturity:

• Time-to-market (the time a team takes to go from ideation to launch).
• Deployment frequency (how often the team deploys in a given period).
• Lead time (the time between code commit and deployment).
• Code deployment success rate (percentage of successful deployments).
• Code quality (various metrics that evaluate the state of code, such as complexity, coverage, and review feedback).
• Change failure rate (percentage of deployments that lead to a failure).
• Error budget (the acceptable rate of errors and failures in production).
• Rollback rate (percentage of deployments the team rolls back).
• Scalability (a system's ability to handle an increased load without performance issues).
• Availability (percentage of time the system is fully operational and available to end-users).
• Code review feedback loop time (how long it takes to get feedback and implement changes in response to code reviews).
• Time-in-stage (the average time a team takes to complete each stage of the software development lifecycle).
• MTTD (Mean Time to Detect, the average time it takes to detect a problem).
• MTTA (Mean Time to Acknowledge, the average time a team takes to acknowledge and start working on a problem).
• MTTR (Mean Time to Recovery, the average time a team takes to recover from a failure).

There are also a few less-quantifiable metrics, including:

• User feedback and satisfaction.
• Collaboration levels between different teams (developers and ITOps, but also security, compliance, project management, etc.).
• Communication between IT teams and executives.
• The state of DevOps-related documentation.

Get More Out of Your DevOps Initiative

While a DevOps maturity model is far from guaranteed success, such frameworks help map your adoption journey, avoid common roadblocks, and drive decision-making in the right direction. You gain a clear overview of your DevOps' current state and areas for improvement, enabling you to correct mistakes and maximize your ROI.